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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that lakes and rivers include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate includes the associated biological communities that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed varieties to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect environment identified by federal regional fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On Dec 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which indicate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended by publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing routines and coastal and nautical development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing in EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions for the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or balance those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or done part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely affect EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to types and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet by least one of the following some criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs consist of important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, amongst other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not banish activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated to get the survival and restoration of species listed since threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical case include areas occupied by threatened or endangered types that include physical and scientific features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical during the time a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
Home characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and smooth.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom habitat types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical framework for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, many different fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft starting in relation to organisms that utilize them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved o2 and flow.
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