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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Utilizing regulations clarified that waters include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological communities that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life routine.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations should be to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries the moment their actions or activities may adversely affect home identified by federal local fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation in the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended by simply publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management system (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing routines and coastal and submarine development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these dangers.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, decrease to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally supervised commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may touch upon and make recommendations to any state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Higher Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not required to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely affect EFH.|24| Detrimentally affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Natural environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet for least one of the following 5 criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a an environment type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
incorporate a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs include important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safeguard as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is designated for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated for the survival and restoration of species listed as threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical demeure include areas occupied by threatened or endangered variety that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is definitely designated as critical at the time a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental environment structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and soft.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom home types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical framework for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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