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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate essential to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological areas that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used anytime during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH contains all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, mud, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sport fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and illustrate EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries the moment their actions or actions may adversely affect home identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which indicate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended simply by publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management strategy (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Effects from certain fishing routines and coastal and maritime development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these dangers.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed variety. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing upon EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally been able commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, grant, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not necessary to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an effect on EFH.|24| Negatively affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to types and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction of the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
An environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet for least one of the following some criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a natural environment type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, amongst other areas of interest. HAPCs happen to be afforded the same regulatory protection as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Imperative Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated to get the survival and recovery of species listed while threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical case include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered types that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at that moment a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat will vary in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental environment structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and soft.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom an environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom provides hard complex vertical structure for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they can be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that utilize them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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